Fracking A Ethical Issue By Using The Act Utilitarianism...

ETHICAL THEORIES After analyzing the benefits and drawbacks of fracking, this paper attempts to address this ethical issue by using the act-utilitarianism approach. The first reason for using this approach, instead of Respect for Persons and Virtue Ethics, is because utilitarianism strongly supports the impartiality feature. Impartiality is paramount in this fracking case because there are lots of both direct and indirect stakeholders at stake. Local residents around fracking sites suffer from increasing health risk, while other people live very far away around the U.S. benefit from the cheaper natural gas price. Engineers desperately try to deliver the clean energy more safely and responsibly, while oil and gas industry prioritizes efficiency in all sectors. Health-care workers around the fracking sites should be better educated about the negative impacts of fracking to handle public health issues. The U.S. government thus has to spend more money to support continuous research on the effects of frac king, although they gain much revenue from the operations. Animals may also be endangered since they breathe the same air and drink water from the same spring, which was claimed to be contaminated, as humans do. Given the complex and multiple stakeholders, impartiality prevents any special preference on what the ethical solution should be. Public, who counts for the biggest portion of the stakeholders, is not allowed to spread prejudice, given the impartiality feature. From allShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Fracking And Its Effects On The World2242 Words   |  9 PagesWaterless Fracking: GasFrac For many years now, oil and gas have been harvested from deep beneath the Earth’s surface using thousands and millions of gallons of water, known as hydraulic fracking. Environmental critics have brought up issues with this type of fracking. The main being that while using these massive amounts of water every time a well is fracked, all the used water, when finished, is causing significant amounts of pollution. In response to the current criticism, engineers have developedRead MoreHydraulic Fracking And Its Consequences1903 Words   |  8 PagesHydraulic Fracking and its Consequences Natural gasses are one of the most desirable and needed resources in the world today. As the population and technology continue to get larger the need for natural gasses continues to steadily increase. With the need for natural gasses increasing the industry continues to expand their techniques and means to acquire natural gas. The use of hydraulic fracking is receiving most of the attention of today’s natural gas industry much of which is negative. This paperRead MoreShells Alternative Business Models: Fracking2361 Words   |  10 Pagesresponsibility and governance programs across industries and being the largest investors in alternative energy sources globally, this sentiment is shared by many citizens and organizations worldwide. This case study forms part of a larger work on the ethical behavior of Shell Oil Company (hereafter referred to as Shell) which will be submitted by Syndicate 1, and focusses on the organization’s commitment to alternative business models. In addition to the core business of oil and its various sub-models

The Legal And Ethical Perspective Of The World War II

Bao, Ke Xin (Ben) Professor Davis English 1A 19 July 2015 Permissible Evil? Throughout the course of human history, enemy combatants of the defeated forces were generally taken as war prisoners, often expected to confront brutal tortures or agonizing executions. Such trend managed to steer its way into recent human history. Some of the most atrocious crimes committed against mankind were witnessed during the second World War where prisoners of war underwent unthinkable torture procedures either to give confessions or for the purpose of human experimentation. Hence, participants of the Geneva Convention established a standard for the humane treatment of war prisoners in the aftermath of World War II. Nonetheless, the issue of utilizing violence and torture as a tool of the modern state in forcing submission and upholding security seems to remain a reoccurring discussion. Thus, it is critical to for us ponder the topic of torture through a legal and ethical perspective along with a thorough knowledge of its implications on society in order to weigh the permissibility of this evil. The implementation of torture has resurfaced in the context of the â€Å"war on terror† during the Bush Administration. Surprisingly, a large portion of the American public stands as proponents of utilizing this cruel method to obtain information from detainees. Some firm believers insist that torture is justified in order to maintain the security of this nation. One of such believers is John Yoo, aShow MoreRelatedHumanistic Era Reflection Paper1315 Words   |  6 Pagesis highly dependent on changes in society, politics, and economic depression going on around that time. The Humanistic Era is made up of two main perspectives: The Human Relations Perspective and the Social Person Perspective. During the Humanistic Era’s Human Relations Perspective, companies began to be aware of their role in a larger perspective and environment. Managers also began to understand a need to balance social needs of their staff with the economic needs of their company. BehavioralRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And The Right For Privacy1791 Words   |  8 Pagesdeveloped the World Wide Web (WWW) in an effort to efficiently share information among multiple people through the use of linked webpages (BBC Bitesize). Over 3 billion people in the world use the Internet to access this network of webpages, using different browsers in order to visit their favorite websites (Statista). However, with such a gargantuan number of unique, global users (some of whom use the WWW more maliciously than others), comes a number of ethical controversies. The World Wide Web hasRead MoreThe Traditional Global Environment Evolved Into The Modern Global System1233 Words   |  5 Pagesmain units of analys is and the main actors in international relations, from the perspective of classical realism, are nation-states. International relations are relations between states. Realists do not deny the existence of such actors as international organizations, transnational unions and associations and others, however, consider them to be of secondary importance on the international stage and has no impact on world politics. The concept of national sovereignty and national interests are the basicRead MoreThe Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide1488 Words   |  6 Pagesimperative that healthcare professionals, particularly nurses who bridge the divide between physicians and patients, are aware of this issue and its components. Right to Die The right-to-die movement is at the heart of this discussion. Following World War II, many advances were made in healthcare. Technology saw the advent of ventilators and dialysis machines, pharmaceutics developed antibiotics and now-routine emergency drugs, and hospitals developed more specialized units (McCormick, 2011). AllRead MoreThe World of the Counselor: A Brief Analysis of Chapter Two 950 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected by gang related crime (FBI, 2014). How will we handle this gang war? This is a frightening issue in which I have no idea where to begin unraveling. What I do know is students in my school may be pressured to join a gang or already have. Being aware of these students and helping them before they make the life changing decision to join a gang is something I need to put on my top priority list. 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The national advisory council on Nurse education and practice, policy advisors to congress andRead MoreEthical Perspectives On Social Responsibility1478 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Perspectives on Social Responsibility Corporations are encouraged to conduct their activities in an ethically responsible manner, however neither the corporate world nor academia has produced a single – all encompassing definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The basic problem is that there are too many self-serving definitions that often lean toward the specific interests of the entities involved (Van Marrewijk, 2003). There has even been a quantitative study conducted on

Animation Research Paper Free Essays

One company that caught my attention is Buck Animation Studios. They are a small commercial house specializing in design-driven creative, Buck’s directors and artists use animation, visual effects and live action to collaborate with clients, from concept to delivery, producing work that is visceral, innovative, and diverse.From offices in New York and Los Angeles, Buck works with a broad range of clients in the advertising, broadcast, retail, film and entertainment industries It was started in 1973 by a small group of women in Toronto who wanted to produce books for Canadian children, within a few years the mandate had broadened and Kids Can Press was producing books for children around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Animation Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now More than three decades later and with a long list of award-winning titles, Kids Can’s reputation for quality books has made it a favorite among parents, teachers, librarians — and kids — worldwide.It’s acclaimed list includes many beloved characters such as Franklin the Turtle, the single most successful publishing franchise in the history of Canadian publishing, which has sold over 60 million books in over 30 languages around the world. Kids Can Press has published in partnership with more Canadian public institutions than any other children’s publisher, reflecting the recognized quality of the publishing program. Partners include the Royal Ontario Museum, the Ontario Science Centre, the Federation of Ontario Naturalists, the National Museum, the Museum of Nature, World Wildlife, and the National Hockey League.Kids Can Press books have received critical acclaim through media attention, nominations and awards in the children’s publishing industry, including: Governor General’s Award–winner Wallace Edwards’ Alphabeasts Melanie Watt’s multiple award-winning Scaredy Squirrel series If the World Were a Village by David J. Smith, winner of the Independent Publisher Book Award Ryan and Jimmy and the Well in Africa That Brought Them Together by Herb Shoveller, which was featured on Oprah’s Web site Today Kids Can Press continues to be an industry leader with groundbreaking p icture books, outstanding non-fiction and award-winning fiction.Any children book publishing firm is considered the direct competitor for this company. Even though there are offices in New York any inquiry to employment will be directed to their Canadian operations. As of right now there are no available positions within the company but I am more than welcome to send my resume for review. I feel that with my experience and education I can contribute talented work to this publishing company. Considering this company is an industry leader in publishing children’s books it would be a great opportunity to be a part of.BIBLIOGRAPHY www. Careerbuilder. com/illustrationjobs. html, Nov. 2, 2010 www. kidscanpress. com, Nov. 2, 2010 Shawn F. Reid Professor Voicu SLS3355 Professional Development Nov. 2, 2010 Company Research Another company that I have researched worth working for is â€Å" Reader’s Digest Children’s Publishing†. â€Å"Since 1991, Reader’s Digest Children’s Publishing has been introducing young children to reading through innovative, creative and interactive books. It’s a list that bursts with fun, entertainment and inspiration. We introduce world-class brands and help to create lifelong readers. From Disney Princesses, Disney Pixar Cars and Toy Story to Thomas the Tank Engine, Barbie, Dora, Elmo and all the Sesame Street gang, we bring characters to life through interactive movie theater storybooks, viewers, music players and surprising lift-the-flaps that make kids want to read their books over and over again. With hundreds of titles to choose from, there is a Reader’s Digest book for every child. Reader’s Digest is a leader in the fields of publishing, multi-brand media and marketing and their team is what truly sets them apart. They are constantly on the lookout for talented individuals with a passion for excellence who could contribute to our success, and their own.The company makes it a point to select the best-suited candidates for each open position. The ideal applicant is dynamic, passionate, ambitious and knowledgeable in his or her field of expertise. They use an acronym when they look for people who exhibit FACE ttributes (Fast, Accountable, Candid and Engaged). As of right now there are no available positions within the company but I am more than welcome to send my resume for review. I feel that with my experience and education I can contribute talented work to this publishing company. Considering this company is an industry leader in publishing children’s books it would be a great opportunity to be a part of. BIBLIOGRAPHY www. readersdigest. com, Readers Digest Children’s Publishing, Nov 2, 2010 How to cite Animation Research Paper, Essays

Ho Chi Minh free essay sample

Within his years of living, he had shaped and changed Vietnam to the country he dreamed it to be by truly being a great leader of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh had been interested in Vietnam’s wellbeing from a young age. He did not jump straight into action and instead stood back and examined the necessities of gaining such rights, waiting for the moment to stand up for his country. His father believed that French education was only the best. Therefore in 1907, Ho passed an exam to enter the National Academy of Hue. He was made fun of because he came from a poor background, and the only reason why he was at the academy was because he had received a scholarship. His motivation was not wavered. In 1908, protests were held by farmers from nearby villages. They protested about the excessive taxation that the French were asking for, and Ho translated the Vietnamese language for the French. This was his first colonial encounter. The next day he was expelled for aiding the Vietnamese. As time went on he understood the concept of Marxism and strongly believed in it. In 1911, Ho boarded a ship set for France and took small jobs, all the while trying to gain knowledge about the world. His ideas for Vietnam’s independence and what it could someday be developed during his trips. In 1914, Ho Chi Minh began to build networks in the outside world and talked to his fellow Vietnamese about the French colonial rule. And in 1918, Ho Chi Minh wrote a letter to the President of the United States about how world peace could be achieved. This was the fourteen-point peace plan. Besides thinking of Vietnam, he also put the rest of the world into mind. This shows that Ho Chi Minh is thoughtful and avoids reckless tactics. After WWI he was engaged in Communist activities and was in the founding group for the French Communist Party. ? In his later years, Ho Chi Minh began to develop more plans. He soon became frustrated and indignant at the treatment that the Vietnamese were getting from the French. He heard about the Russian Revolution while living in France, and it offered millions of people living under colonial rule hope. Ho Chi Minh took inspiration from the Russian Revolution. He used it as a helping hand, for great leaders take ideas from elsewhere and use those to their best advantage. During his later years, Ho Chi Minh learnt of Stalin and Mao Zedong, who quickly became his role models. He believed the Communism would be what would allow Vietnam to gain true independence. Ho Chi Minh went to China and Hong Kong to spread the word about Communism and form Communist Parties. He was forced to leave when local authorities drove him out. He returned because he wanted the ideas of Communism, of the Vietnamese, and of his ideas to be known throughout. Ho Chi Minh was arrested in Hong Kong and remained in prison until 1933. Yet these roadblocks did not slow the motivated leader down. When Japan occupied Vietnam in 1941, Ho Chi Minh organized the Vietminh that caused the Japanese to surrender in 1945. Ho Chi Minh went on and declared Vietnam’s independence from the Japanese. At this point, Ho only needed to be rid of France to succeed entirely. Ho Chi Minh signed an autonomous agreement with the French in a conference. But his success was worth nothing when he returned home to find that the agreement was not effective. The French had already began bombing Vietnam to try and reoccupy the country. As Vietnam was low on resources, they took to fighting guerilla warfare and used a hit-and-run tactic. The USA and Europe backed France, while China, being a Communist country, backed Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was grateful for China’s support and won the guerilla war. Independence was proclaimed. Post-war Vietnam was split up into two, yet the Vietnamese did not get a say in this. Ho Chi Minh did not like the idea of fellow Vietnamese turning on each other, the South on the North and visa versa. He wanted unity between the entire Vietnam, and secession was the last thing they needed. Though Ho Chi Minh allowed his people to take part in various risky and violent events, he only did so because he thought it best. He had confidence that his people would win their battles and indeed they did. Though he was anxious and worried when the US arrived in North Vietnam to chase out the Communists, he helped North Vietnam hold together like a rock and won the battle doing so. He did not risk using proper warfare because he knew that Vietnam was low on those resources. Instead he took to hit-and-run, and the Vietnamese depended on surprise and speed. After all their hardships, they were rewarded with the unification of the North and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was a great leader because he was willing to do anything to help Vietnam. He was expelled the next day of his first colonial encounter. He travelled to France and to the United States to gain knowledge. He wrote letters to important figures that would be able to assist them in making a change. No one was more motivated than Ho Chi Minh. Throughout the years, Ho Chi Minh held on the hope that Vietnam would someday be free from colonial rule. He pushed many Vietnamese to follow dreams, in more ways than one. He was the inspiration of his people. No man, woman, or child under his leadership detested his choices, for they understood that he knew best. In overall he did many things for Vietnam, and the people were grateful for each and every little detail. When Ho Chi Minh died due to heart failure, everybody cried. For a whole week, it rained, and the people said that the sky itself was crying too. Ho Chi Minh was a great leader, a father figure, and a role model to many Vietnamese.

Chapter 62. New Sound Palettes Mid-Twentieth Century American Experimentalists Flashcard

Chapter 62. New Sound Palettes: Mid-Twentieth Century American Experimentalists

Free Essays on CIMECT Case Study

1. Discuss Pam Kincaid’s primary structural issues in the CIMECT Project. Based on the structural issues you identified, make a set of recommendations for a course of action that she might pursue to alleviate the structural issues. Many structural issues within the CIMECT Project currently threaten the success of the project and require the attention of Pam Kincaid, the project manager. At the annual board meeting, company president Jerry Jenkins identified several issues that directly affect the CIMECT project. Mr. Jenkins’ address clearly stated that the priority of research and development efforts would be â€Å"maintaining the existing Market share for aircraft controls and increasing the market share and products for military aircraft controls.† Also, the focus of new product development would be the Pythagoras project, which has the potential of resulting in a $2.2 Billion contract over 3-5 years. Both of these statements are significant to Pam Kincaid because both areas impact her project and have the potential to limit resources she needs to complete CIMECT. This threat has been further identified by memorandums she received from Reliability Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering which both stated Pythagoras threatens their ability to complete work on CIMECT. More importantly, the CIMECT project does not directly contribute to any of the strategic focus areas identified by Mr. Jenkins and will likely suffer as a result. The company has recently restructured to a matrix arrangement in order to meet upcoming challenges. The goal of the change was to enable â€Å"functional divisions to maintain and integrate essential skills to be available to projects.† It is clear that the changes have not been effectively implemented based on the interactions within the CIMECT project. Both the company focus issue and organizational restructuring issue have been generated external to the project; however, both have the ability to sig... Free Essays on CIMECT Case Study Free Essays on CIMECT Case Study 1. Discuss Pam Kincaid’s primary structural issues in the CIMECT Project. Based on the structural issues you identified, make a set of recommendations for a course of action that she might pursue to alleviate the structural issues. Many structural issues within the CIMECT Project currently threaten the success of the project and require the attention of Pam Kincaid, the project manager. At the annual board meeting, company president Jerry Jenkins identified several issues that directly affect the CIMECT project. Mr. Jenkins’ address clearly stated that the priority of research and development efforts would be â€Å"maintaining the existing Market share for aircraft controls and increasing the market share and products for military aircraft controls.† Also, the focus of new product development would be the Pythagoras project, which has the potential of resulting in a $2.2 Billion contract over 3-5 years. Both of these statements are significant to Pam Kincaid because both areas impact her project and have the potential to limit resources she needs to complete CIMECT. This threat has been further identified by memorandums she received from Reliability Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering which both stated Pythagoras threatens their ability to complete work on CIMECT. More importantly, the CIMECT project does not directly contribute to any of the strategic focus areas identified by Mr. Jenkins and will likely suffer as a result. The company has recently restructured to a matrix arrangement in order to meet upcoming challenges. The goal of the change was to enable â€Å"functional divisions to maintain and integrate essential skills to be available to projects.† It is clear that the changes have not been effectively implemented based on the interactions within the CIMECT project. Both the company focus issue and organizational restructuring issue have been generated external to the project; however, both have the ability to sig...

Analyzing The Roles Of Teachers And Supervisors In Curricular And Essay

Analyzing The Roles Of Teachers And Supervisors In Curricular And Instructional Change And Improvement - Essay Example Teachers and supervisors are inevitable part in the learning process of the contemporary educational system and they play a fundamental role in the progress and improvement of the curricular and instructional strategy. As the teachers play the most fundamental part in the curricular and instructional activity of teaching, they can act as one of the primary sources in supervisors in curricular and instructional change and improvement. In a profound understanding of the nature and processes of teacher accountability in schools, the relevance of the role of teachers and supervisors in curricular and instructional change and improvement becomes palpable. Teachers and supervisors are responsible for the overall development of the students through their instructional strategy and the curriculum and the teachers also have several other management functions in the classroom setting. Through their acts of mentoring and instructions, the teachers carry out some of the most essential management responsibilities. Therefore, there is vital significance for staff development programs which can result in improved teaching, instructional strategy and curriculum. As the staff development programs are hierarchical, the ideas to improve the curriculum are imposed from far above. "From the apex of school organization to the classroom teachers then is emphasized in making changes in curriculum. Change in the curriculum does not necessarily represent reform. If reform is evident in a changed curriculum, students are attaining objectives effectively and developing quality attitudes toward school." (Ediger, 1993, p 81). Therefore, the role of the teachers as well as the supervisors in the curricular and instructional change and improvement has been generally acknowledged and it is essential to give due recognition of their role in the improvement of educational process as well as to adopt strategies to encourage the participation of the teachers and supervisors in the curricular and i nstructional change and improvement. In a reflective investigation of the nature and processes of teacher accountability in a school, it becomes lucid that teachers are the primary factors influencing the affective dimension of curriculum improvement and the various examples of mentoring prove that teachers can carry some management responsibility. The teachers have an important role in stressing the quality attitudes of the students and they often make use of the strategies of mentoring in order to improve the affective dimension of curriculum. It is essential for a decision-making model in the curriculum improvement that all teachers actively take part in staff development. "Each teacher needs to be an active participant rather than a passive being in curriculum improvement. With active participation in decisions made to improve the curriculum, feelings of belonging should be an inherent result. Feelings of being significant and valued are desired by all in school and in society Quality improvements in the curriculum do not come about with a lack of feelings of belonging to a cohesive set of teachers." (Ediger, 1993, p 81). Therefore, the most essential fact in the improvement of the curriculum and instructional strategy within a school is the coordinated efforts by the teachers and supervisors who can influence the curricular and instructional change and improvement. There are several contexts in which teachers are required to perform curricular tasks and they perform different kinds of curricular activities. "Teachers make curricular choices, and they adopt and mold existing curriculum materials to their specific teaching situations. Sometimes teachers are involved in the construction of their own curriculum, but mostly they are engaged in the implementation of the curriculum materials which were developed outside the schools in which they teach." (Ben-Peretz, 1990, p 33).

Approaches to Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Approaches to Research - Essay Example But the challenge to food processors is really conducting what is called the byproduct development work. To this end there is no clear delineation that exists which describes main components for an effective byproduct development program. This proposal looks at the best strategic methodology that could assist in filling this void. It looks into ways of quantifying, identifying, developing, characterizing, optimizing, analyzing and modeling the waste stream of interest (Dalzell, 2000). The approach to byproduct development gives an inclusive strategy that can be used to more effectively manage industrial food waste. Remember that this methodology is not only applicable to food processing operations, but any industrial or manufacturing firm could benefit from instituting the formal components to be recommended. Hence if the various methodologies are implemented by manufacturers, this would increase the probability of meeting the goals of industrial ecology which are the developing and operating sustainable systems. Justification It will be realized that cost cutting programs in the industry rely heavily on lowering labor costs but, any major category of spending provides an opportunities for cost savings in industry. One of the areas that are over-looked is the area waste management. It is a common knowledge that Waste removal costs are always rising landfills all across the world are nearing the end of their lifespan. Again take note that recycling is getting more complicated and expensive and note forgetting the rising fuel costs which aren't borne by the waste haulers but which are simply passed on to the customers (Dalzell, 2000). Universally there exist many different waste management solutions available for the food manufacturing industry but it is not good to wait for the waste hauling companies to discuss them because these commercial waste hauling and recycling firms have a direct financial disincentive towards assisting food manufacturers to reduce the volume of waste and the costs associated to disposal. Remember that waste disposal is at times seen as an uncomplicated process in that workers collect and sort trash from recycling and then run loads to the dumpster several number of times per day or shift. This waste is collected by a contracted waste hauler at scheduled times and hours. But, industry owners, maintenance, directors managers and operations personnel have knowledge. Hence according to them waste management can be a major nuisance which poses issues that impact on efficiency, safety, floor space available, and also employee morale when excess waste accumulates. Furthermore, the production demands keep on varying while pick up charges remain the constant whether the dumpster is full or not. Take note that research indicates that up to 80% of a full dumpster is air space which means that 80 cents of each dollar that is spent on waste collecting services is literally thrown away. However, there are ways to improve waste handling in the food manufacturing industry to the extent that it not only leads to reduced costs but also enhances operations. Those responsible for making the waste process more efficient and cost effective are familiar with the various options that have been available for the past few

Haematology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Haematology - Essay Example The subsequent decrease and increases in the blood components and processes as given by the test would have resulted to the illness condition of the patient. The patient reacted to several tests that can be explained as: the test of RBCs which denotes the Red Blood cells found that it existed at a ratio of 2.82x1012/L; this meant that the volume of Red Blood cells per liter of blood was lower than the expected and normal range for a normal individual at 3.8-5.8x1012/L. This meant that the volume of RBCs in the patient blood was already reduced by a certain percentage below the norm. This can be attributed to a reduced ability of the bone marrow to produce the Red Blood Cells. The inability of Red Blood Cell production by the bone marrow can be assumed to have resulted from the effects of cancer (Korde, et al., 2011). The normal hemoglobin mass in each deciliter of blood should be at 11.5-16.5g/dl but the test on the patient blood test revealed a lower level of 7.6g/dl thereby showing a reduced mass of hemoglobin that gives the blood its color. The concentration is below the normal range thus depicting that this patient was suffering from anemia. The HCT test revealed a lower volume in relation to the blood volume at 0.239L/L down from the normal level at 0.37-0.47L/L.This reduction would lead to an individual contracting a disease under such conditions. The MCV test gave a result of 84fL which is a visible drop from the normal expected range in normal individuals at 80-96fL. The MCH test also showed a drop from 27-32pg to 26.9pg which would have caused discomfort in the individual. MCHC test gave a result of 31.8g/dl which was different from the normal range lying at 32-36g/dl (University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009). The patient before undergoing laboratory examinations was appearing fatigued, weight loss and increasingly severe back pains. Fatigue in the patient must have resulted from her condition of having less hemoglobin or rather low hemoglobin conten t in the blood cells. Hemoglobin is obviously responsible for the transport of oxygen in the blood keeping the body and cells fresh and active. Low levels of hemoglobin will therefore mean that the blood circulated within the body will be carrying less oxygen in it, active body muscles are then become deprived of sufficient oxygen for respiration and low energy supply to the cells resulting to fatigue and extreme tiredness. The low volumes of red blood cells in the body blood also result to tiredness (Hematology, 2009). The pale appearance was a result of low hemoglobin level in the blood. This condition might have resulted from iron deficiency since iron is responsible for the production of hemoglobin, which can also be linked to situations of inability of the body to absorb certain vitamins which help in hemoglobin production. The patient began treatment with a therapy of melphalan and thalidomide together with radiotherapy support for bone pain. This is a combined treatment that has largely been used in patients diagnosed with myeloma. Myeloma is also known as hematologic cancer which in other words refers to the cancer of blood and represents about 1% of all cancers in the white individuals and 2% of all cancers in black individuals. Myeloma has been greatly linked to the reduction in immune systems though no imminent cause has been identified to date and those susceptible to the disease are the aging

The Changing Nature Of The Family Sociology Essay

The Changing Nature Of The Family Sociology Essay In virtually all cultures, the family is considered the basic societal unit, however the nature of the typical family has changed over the decades. Families are no longer comprised of the same number of individuals as they used to be and it is thought that this is due to the impact of contemporary social forces upon individuals and their consequential effect on family structure. There are a number of different psychoanalytic hypotheses which address the possible causes of this change in family nature however it appears that all of these hypotheses emphasize the effects of social factors upon individuation and autonomy. The literature seems to hold several propositions for change in the family dynamic and nature. Schmidt has explored this changing nature in relation to adolescence in a totalitarian society; Chasseguet-Smirgel described a heightened and pathological self-sufficiency which can be related to the breakdown of family structure; and Chodorow considered the difficulty that w omen encountered, in a society where many choices were open to them, in consolidating a generative maternal identity freed from impingement by early relationships with mother and siblings.  [1]   Chasseguet-Smirgel was of the opinion that drug and alcohol addiction, eating disorders and certain kinds of sexual conduct could all be classified as behavioral changes which have enabled individuals to become more independent in nature and as such, have led individuals to have the ability to do without family members through an acquisition of control over their own lives in another sense. In a study conducted by Chasseguet-Smirgel, a description of two male patients, of which both were alcoholics, was described. These mens dependency on alcohol had replaced come about as a substituted for the nurturance, which they had not received in childhood. Patients with eating disorders were also described and these were seen as a representation of a refusal to enter the biological order of female development. It has been suggested that for an anorexic woman, restriction of food intake could be seen to represent a triumph over the need for the food whereas for bulimic individuals, binging and purging re-enactment of a self-sufficient cycle whereby ingested food was felt to represent the bulimics own faeces. From this point of view, sexuality could be viewed upon as a process which involved a dehumanisation of the object as a defense against intimacy, dependency and loss and as a consequence of this view point, all individuals with such mindsets, as described, would be all likely to have multiple partners and in some cases, multiple children. Thus, this would ultimately led to a large change in the dynamics of these families which would be the result of the multiple partners, as one male could not possibly reside in a home, which would encompass the traditional family household: one male, one female and two children.  [1]   Thus, this hypothesis of the changing nature of the family highlights the effect that pathological disorders, which have come about as part of contemporary society, have had on the family structure and nature. This has been thought to have been brought about via the development of technology which has enabled individuals to gain more control over their body and their image, so that they have been set free from the powers of nature, leading one to believe that anything is possible and most likely would have brought with it the feeling of ill-contentment with other elements of ones life,  [2]  such as their possible spouse or family, leading to a disruption of a likely family home and the formation of more single-parent families or multiple partners. (Wood et al, 2000) The blurring of parental roles and the breakdown of paternal function can also be viewed as another change in the nature of the family.  [3]  Father no longer fill the same paternal role which would have traditionally been seen and thus, this could be seen that children are no longer disciplined as fully as they might have been in the past. Chodorow explored the interplay of cultural forces, which have lead to the failure of some contemporary women to wish to conceive children. In the literature, According to Lafarge11, Chodorow mentioned three beliefs which were supported by contemporary culture and where thought to reinforce and mask womens unconscious ambivalence towards motherhood. These were the idea that motherhood and professional life were in- compatible; the sense that the women s own mothers had been trapped and passive and that they themselves should only become mothers if they could negotiate entirely different and egalitarian partnerships with men. Finally, the concept of remaining youthful led to a disavowal of natural ageing processes and declining fertility. Thus, these The cultural themes could be seen to be pivotal in the fact that a number of women no longer have children, and as such, the family home would have comprised of a male and a female without any children or of no companion at all, and inste ad, simply a male or female living alone. Within modern day society, the passage of time, and the fact that women are more likely to have careers and thus have children later on in their life, changed the family dynamic and nature in itself. Furthermore, the unconscious denial of the passage of time can be seen to act to enable individuals to miss the time to have children and thus not have any children or, indeed have children very late on in their lives, which ultimately would lead to a lower number of children being born to one couple, reducing the number or the traditional family to one child from two (or, in more early times, more than two children.)  [4]   Schmidt presented the results of a research project in which adolescents from a former communist society were compared with those from a Western capitalist democracy. Eight adolescents from each country were interviewed. The findings of this study showed that there were features which were typical to only some of the members of those interviewed and nott to others. For example, features in the Russian adolescents which were associated with growing up in a communist society were witnessed. These adolescents tended to put forward an unchallenging conformist identity which assured their safety within a totalitarian regime. Individual wishes, criticisms and disruptive feelings were denied or projected; the adolescents appeared somewhat frozen, unable to compare present, past and future, or to work through painful experiences. It was thought that the impersonal self which these individuals projected arose both as a direct effect of the totalitarian society upon individual development an d as an indirect effect, mediated by the effect of the society upon the family. It was thought that Western societies valued private life and the continuity of personal and family identity and that this was different to the values observed within other regimes. For example, in communist societies, the individual and the family were less privileged, and were subordinated to the needs of the state. Even if the childs earliest development took place within the individualizing setting of a nurturing family, the state quickly assumed responsibility for the child and placed a collective stamp upon his development. Furthermore, the literature presents the findings that in the totalitarian state this eroded the family structure, and in particular this damaged the paternal functioning.  [1]  It has been noted that the father receded into the background in most of the Russian adolescents. In such individuals, the boys tended to have a stronger personality and this has been thought to effect the way in which the individuals would act as part of the family and would alter the nature of the family in this setting. Thus, from an assessment of the literature, social structure, family structure and personality structure stand in a complex relation to one another. Adult development does not give women sufficient social changes that they encounter before they encounter the limits of their fertility and this has lead to a decrease in the number of members found within a typical family in contemporary society. Hence, factors such as social change, changing family structure and the fantasies and personality structures that are linked to them may all be responsible for the changing nature of the family which can be seen within todays society.

Starving Society :: essays research papers

Starving Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been said that hunger is sharper than the sword. This saying becomes much clearer after reading the book The Siege, by Helen Dunmore. The book paints an overpowering picture of the suffering that accompanies starvation. I know I was much more thankful for the food I have after reading the book. The story takes place in 1941 in Leningrad. It is a time when the people of Leningrad are overwhelmed by the fear of Stalin’s secret police and also the rumors that the Germans are coming to take over the city. Eventually, the Germans surround the city cutting off the food supply and escape routes. Over six thousand people were killed in Leningrad that winter, mainly from starvation. The book depicts the day to day hardships that one family endures dealing with hunger and the harsh winter. The book explores how the war and lack of food affect both the human body as well as the effect on society as a whole. John of Salisbury’s â€Å"The Body Social† uses the body to explain different parts of society and how they need to all work harmoniously to be healthy. John of Salisbury’s â€Å"The Body Social† can be used a guide to illustrate the wasting away of the people of Leningrad and their society as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The common person and average worker of a society are important to the survival of the society because they are the farmers and factory workers that are responsible for producing all of the goods and services that are needed. John of Salisbury refers to these people as the feet of the body because they are the base that holds the society up. In The Siege most of the main characters are these common people. Characters like Anna who is a nursery assistant that is responsible for taking care of her family. Also Andrei, a doctor in training, who helps take care of the sick. They are the people who keep day to day life going. Once the Germans surrounded Leningrad they cut off the food supply and electricity. The Germans bombed warehouses full of food and â€Å"Thousands of tons of sugar, flour, fats and meat vanish overnight† (132). The food rations given to these people were as little as a couple of pieces of bread a day (191). The common people of Leningrad be gan to starve and freeze and most were no longer able to do their jobs.

Principles of Banking and Finance Essay

What does Sub-Prime Crisis means? Sub Prime lending which is also known as near-prime, non-prime and second chance lending, means lending to people who might have trouble repaying the loan due to income ability or credit ratings which previously would not have been available to them. Credit ratings that might be not favorable to them with the standards set up initially by Financial Institutions slowly dwindle to less strict under-writing of loans. which could also due to an influx of foreign capital making lending easier to these group of people, the investment banks that sold the repackage mortgages to the consumers which is one of the way to fund for capital, and the Housing Urban Development of America policy to ensure that its citizens has access to mortgage loans easily. The cheaper interest rate packaged by the Financial Institutions which seems more affordable for the consumer for the first 1 to 5 years and the thereafter interest rate would have jumped significantly. The loan s here generally referred to mortgage loans. The Crisis started or snowball into what it was in 2007 in my opinion was due to greed. Greed into thinking that the property boom would continue in perpetuity so that the borrowers could cash out more from their current property market valuation, with this cash out in terms of personal loan they could fund or finance their lifestyle be it buying a new property for investment purposes, to flip or for rental. For the luxury in life they choose to enjoy now, spending future money. As the economy slowed, jobs are being taken away from corporation in America to other countries which have a cheaper source of overhead expenses and manpower. People are being retrenched thus causing them to start defaulting on their loan repayments. A statistic done has shown that the American households do not have any savings but was laden with debt instead. The housing bubble burst, the market does not have that much capital as it used to have to continue to push property prices up anymore, thus causing the market to slow overall, foreclosures of their properties was happening. Consumers was also unable to obtain a refinancing which they had planned previously to lower their interest rate again when it went up, as financial institutions feel the pinched and controlled its lending. How did the Financial Institutions played a part in this? In the past banks have financed their mortgage lending activities through the deposits they receive from their customers. This has confined the amount of mortgage lending they could do. In recent years, banks have designed a new model where they repackage these mortgages to be sold to the bond markets. This has made it a lot easier to fund additional borrowing from the investors and interest rate was low. But it has also led to abuses as banks no longer have the incentive to check carefully the mortgages they issue to the lenders. The failure to check and curb lending in return for the possibility of profit was one of the causes. The first sign of the sub-prime crisis was as early as 2007 when HSBC Finance which is part of the banks north American subsidiary has to write off 880 million in sub-prime lending. The business has become unsustainable as borrowers started to default. The new model which we have come to know is known either as Mortgaged backed Assets or Collateral Debts Obl igations. The repackage mortgages are being sold to the bond markets, before they can be sold, credit rating agency will determine and give the model a rating. A credit rating for an issuer takes into consideration the issuer’s credit worthiness example its ability to pay back a loan, and affects the interest rate applied to the particular security being issued. These MBS or CDOs as it has come to know are usually marketed to countries which has a surplus in its balance sheet as it was generally known that Asians believe in savings rather than spending future money thus the products were usually marketed in Asia, It is allege that the rating agencies experienced from conflicts of interest, as they were paid by investment banks and other firms that organize and sell these structured securities to investors. If there are not to give favorable ratings to these products they risk the underwriter of these securities to another rating agency. It would be hard to sell these products if they are not being given a rating to begin with. Once they are sold the banks have in a way diverted part of the risk to the consumers. Investors should not rely too heavily on these ratings agencies opinions but instead carry out their own homework in the safeness of debt level as well as others related securities. Probably the opinions of the agencies enable them to get a conclusion, however based on past decade of event, it can only be consider as off base when it comes to the risk of credit event. Investors should try to put themselves in the shoes of the product pushers, asking themselves very important points like, why do you need to sell these products? Do you own any of these products yourself? If it is as good as you mention have the private investors bought and participated a substantial amount of their savings in it? Perhaps there need to be some form of intermediaries whereby no conflict of interest will affect their opinion and report of these products. A case study in Singapore itself which has made headlines during this crisis was the minibond saga which was being sold in Singapore by a couple of Financial Institutions. The originator of this series of structured products was the now defunct Lehman Brothers. The Minibond was being illustrated to the local consumer as a bond which is not the case it is actually a Collateral Debts Obligations. The relationship managers in banks are eager to sell the product because of the high commission and the consumer who are eager to buy because the returns are much higher than the fixed deposit being offered by the banks. An estimated of 500 million Singapore dollars was purchased for the Minibonds by consumers. It stirred a series of conflicts with the Financial Institutions that sold these products, the consumers cried fouled into being mis-sold of it, some of the consumers managed to get back part of their investment and vowed not to touch these structured products ever again. We can take a look back into the 1990s where one of the policy set up and enforce by the Housing and Urban Development of America, was one of the cause of the sub prime crisis. With the support of the government, HUD has less mortgage restriction requirements on its borrowers. The mandate was that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which was regulated by HUD, was to generate up to 8 million more homeowners in America. It was known as the â€Å"National Homeownership Strategy†. No down payment was required, 100% financing for the property was the norm. This was partly possible due to the influx of cheap money in the market, wit h this cheap money consumers speculated with the market, they kept buying new homes thus the good years of where the appreciation of the property keep going up. Financial Institutions dare to lend due to the market confidence that it can only keep going up, borrowers confidence that the market too can only keep going up. A check with HUD official website, apparently the US government is still supporting home ownership program without first addressing a stable income issue. Only with a stable income can a person make regular commitment to his or her housing loan commitment. Kudos to the Singapore government for taking appropriate actions during the last few years when their economy was recovering, the measures taken to prevent over speculation of the property market in Singapore. Homebuyers with the extra cash were snapping up properties, either for owner’s occupation or for investment purposes. The government either learned from the Sub-prime crisis or foreseen that if it continues the way it is going, a market crash might be imminent or the crash will be too fast and hard, no soft landing for the consumers. As they knew that property market have its up and down. Steps was taken, it used to be 90/10. Whereby the buyer have to come up with 10% cash and the remaining 90% can be financed through a financial institutions regardless of the number of property they currently owned. It was changed to 80/20 rule, 20% of which is the owner’s own cash an 80% through financing. Surprisingly it did not deter the consumers, the market still kept soaring. The next rule implemented was the 80/20 rule for first time buyers, meaning buyers without any current mortgage loan, for buyers with an existing mortgage which was not yet paid up; they are only eligible for 60/40. 60% financing for their new property and an increased in the stamp duty to be paid for to the government if it was their 3rd property for Singaporean. The hardest hit was the foreigners who are seeking to invest their money in Singapore properties as they have to pay additional 10% stamp duty which is likely to deter most of them. P rices still kept going up, the latest ruling was much more complex than the previous few. If one is looking at 80% financing one can only borrow up to the age of 65 years old and tenure of not more than 30 years. Which was not the case previously, in previous scenario it was dependent on different Banks guideline in Singapore, they could lend up to the age of 70, 75 or 80. They stepped in and put a cap at 65 as they believe that is the retirement age. If you want to extend your loan tenure your financing amount will drop to either 60% or 40%. I believe the government did this as they knew that the US is going ahead with Quantitative Easing 3, they want to prevent too much hot money from landing in Singapore shore. To sum up, we learned from our mistakes and grow not to make the same mistake twice. A healthy economy is based on real economic goods with value. Hopefully US can still continue to create innovative products like Apple and keep their manufacturing production in US soil, get employment rate up. The citizens have to maintain their expectations in terms of salary wise and spend within their means. Tighten up their way of lending and controlling Banks to a certain extent, a culture that is profit driven but with ethnics. Can heed the investment guru jim roger’s advice to focus on farming as there will be a food shortage in time to come. Induce good saving habits in everyone to save up for a rainy day. http://www.ethicalquote.com/docs/SubprimeMortgageCrisis.pdf http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7073131.stm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_policies_and_the_subprime_mortgage_crisis http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/09/AR2008060902626.html http://www.thetruthaboutmortgage.com/mortgages-with-no-money-down/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2816291/HSBC-hit-by-sub-prime-crisis.html

Performance And Specifications Of Power Pumps Engineering Essay

IntroductionBackground:The agencies of pumping is the most of import manner of fluid transportation for 1000s of old ages. Ancient Egyptians used water wheels with hoppers for the motion of vehicle marked with H2O for irrigation intent. In the 3rd century BC ; the Grecian scientist Stisebeos Alexandria invents the reciprocating pump to pump H2O. The about the same clip discovered the Grecian mathematician Archimedes the prison guard pump, called the composit of mandolins with a coiling traveling on inside the cylinder. Till that clip the there was no much development occurs until the late 17th century, where the Gallic adventurer Denis invent a pump with consecutive blades. Then the British adventurer John Oblad invents the centrifugal pump with curving blades in 1851. Thereafter, the first usage of compressors with axial-flow turbo jet engines where found in the mid-fortiess of the 20th century AD.Reciprocating PumpPositive supplanting pumps are that type of machines which is common for applications that require a really high Pressures and comparatively low flow. In this machine, the liquid flows into a contained infinite, such as a cylinder, speculator, or rotor. Then a traveling Piston forces the liquid out of the cylinder, increasing the force per unit area. The usage of positive supplanting pumps is common in applications that require high discharge force per unit area and comparatively low flow. The discharge force per unit area generated by a positive supplanting pump is – in theory – space. If the pump is dead headed, the force per unit area generated will increase until either a pump portion fails or the driver stalls from deficiency of power. The Reciprocating Pump – besides known as Power Pump- is one type from the Positive Displacement Pump. In his book, Pollak illustrates that the Reciprocating pump has a random-access memory, speculator, Piston or other cylindrical component working backwards and forwards within a cylinder or pump barrel ; this gesture is normally delivered from a grouch go arounding unvarying velocity, and linking rod. Automatic valve control the flow of liquid into the cylinder, and out once more. A Piston or a speculator moves back and Forth in an enclosed cylinder. A reciprocating pump besides has a power terminal and a liquid terminal. Most piston pumps are individual playing ; plunger pumps are dual moving. The diameter of the Piston, the length of the Piston shot and the speed of the Walter pistons determine the pump capacity. See figPower Pumps:As mentioned by Igor Karassik in his book that the power pump does non develop force per unit area ; it merely produces a flow of fluid. The downstream procedure or shrieking system produces a opposition to this flow, thereby bring forthing force per unit area in the piping system and dispatch part of the pump. The flow fluctuates at a rate proportional to the pump velocity and figure of cylinders. The amplitude of the fluctuations is a map of the figure of cylinders. Karassik added that greater the figure of cylinders, the lower the amplitude of the flow fluctuations at a specific revolutions per minute. It is ever possible for the power pump to bring forth different capacity as they are capable of operating over a broad scope of velocities. Each pump has maximum suction and discharge force per unit area limits that ; when combined with its maximal velocity, find the pump ‘s power evaluation. The pump can be applied to power conditions that are less than its maximal evaluation but at a little lessening in mechanical efficiencyOperating Principles:In his paper, Samuel explains the pump operation as follows ; the reciprocating pump uses a crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism. The crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism converts the rotary motion of the crankshaft to a reciprocating additive motion of Pistons. The Piston motion creates volume alterations. As a pit opens when a Piston retracts, the fluid is admitted through an recess cheque valve. When the Piston reverses, the recess look into valve stopping points, and the pit reduces when the Piston extends. The mercantile establishme nt look into valve clears and the fluid is forced out by the Piston. Despite that of the fluid being pumped, the discharge volume is fixed for each crankshaft revolution. Pressure is determined by the system flow opposition and pump building. The Speed decrease is so needed for diminishing high velocity from the driver to low pump shaft velocity.Applications for Power pumps are:†¢ Oil well clay pumps †¢ Reverse osmosis charge pumps †¢ Auxiliary boiler provender pumps †¢ Pipeline pumps †¢ Oil field H2O injection pumps †¢ Slurry pumps †¢ Process pumpsPerformance and specifications:In his paper, David Parker negotiations about the specification illustrating that the quality and measure of information on suction conditions will find the ultimate success or failure of any pump installing. The bulk of pump jobs, start at the suction. There must be a minimal sum of absolute force per unit area available to provide fluid to the pump suction. PD pumps by and large require less absolute force per unit area. Net Positive Inlet Pressure Required ( NPIPR ) , at the pump suction rim, is the evaluation of entire recess losingss within that pump at rated conditions. Unit of measurements are force per unit area footings ; PSI, Kg/cm2, Bar, KPa. These losingss include the unstable clash loss along the internal suction way, the alteration in lift from the suction rim to the enclosed volume, the unstable clash loss of come ining the enclosed volume, and the acceleration to the speed of the enclosed volume. For any given size, NPIPR will increase with increased viscousness or flow ( increased flow = increased velocity ) . Volumes of gas are normally specified comparative to standard temperature and force per unit area ( STP ) of 680F and atmospheric force per unit area ; 14.7 psia ; 200C, 1.034 Kg/cm2 absolute. By stipulating the standard volume of gas and stipulating the suction force per unit area and temperature, the volume of gas nowadays at the pump suction can be calculated. This capacity must be added to the liquid capacity in order to size the pump for the needed liquid flow rate. If suction force per unit area is below atmospheric force per unit area, even little sums of entrained gas will spread out in volume necessitating a larger pump. Capacity should be defined for the rated status. If there is an acceptable scope of capacities, the lower limit and maximal acceptable should be stated. This allows pump providers to offer standard merchandises without holding to modify for specific capacity dem ands.Efficiency:In the reciprocating pump, merely two efficiency losingss need to be considered ; volumetric and Mechanical. Volumetric efficiency loss is provoked by slippage through valves, ratio of liquid chamber volume at terminal of shot to plunger/piston supplanting volume, and liquid squeezability. Mechanical efficiency loss occurs while get the better ofing mechanical clash in bearing and velocity decrease. The overall efficiency of a reciprocating pump unit is by and large above 85 % throughout its full operating scope. However, in the reciprocating pump can run over 90 % because many pumps and decrease units operate at a mechanical efficiency of 98 per centum, and the volumetric efficiency can frequently be above 95 per centum.Viscosity:Viscosity of a fluid is the ratio of shear emphasis to the rate of shear strain. It is a step of its opposition to flux. High viscousness fluids, like gum elastic, adhesives, or molasses, are really immune to forces applied to travel them. Low viscousness fluids, like kerosine or H2O, have really small opposition to coerce. Viscosity is reduced as temperature is increased ; hot fluids flow more readily than cold fluids. Viscosity should ever be given at a specified temperature. Typical units for viscousness are centipoises, centistokes, and SSU. Positive Displacement pumps maintain high efficiencies throughout the viscousness scope. Entrained gasses ca n be handled in big measures by most Positive Displacement pump designs ; nevertheless care must be taken in stipulating measure of gas entrained and flow required. Positive Displacement pumps are used to keep the changeless flow rate as nozzle force per unit areas change due to choke offing and gnawing. Precise control of fuel add-on rates increases the operators control over burning conditions. This in bend leads to cut down air emanations, a really critical concern in a extremely regulated industry. The reciprocating pump provides a about changeless flow rate over a wider scope of force per unit area ; the centrifugal pump gives unvarying force per unit area over a scope of flow, so it drops dramatically as the flow rate additions. On a reciprocating pump, fluid viscousness has small consequence on the flow rate as the force per unit area increases. However, unstable viscousness has a large impact on the centrifugal pump ‘s force per unit area and flow rate. The efficiency besides drops well.Advantages:Efficiency is rather high even though there are alterations in the needed caput. It can be up to 85 % to 95 % or even more. Merely with high velocity it tends to diminish somewhat. Reciprocating pumps run at much lower operating velocities than centrifugal pumps and therefore is better suited for managing viscose fluid. For a given velocity the flow rate is changeless regardless of caput, the pump is limited merely by the power of the premier mover and the strength of the pump parts. The fluid flow from the reciprocating pump is well high. It is start automatically. No demand to make full the cylinders before get downing. Disadvantages: There are poorer in managing liquids incorporating solids that tend to eat valves and seats. Because of the pulsating flow and force per unit area bead throw the valves they require larger suction force per unit area at the subdivision rim to avoid cavitations. Due to mechanical quivers, the pulsating flow require a particular attending to subdivision and discharge piping design Hovering gesture of the nozzle creates perturbations that travel at velocity of sound from the pump cylinder shrieking system. These perturbations cause the force per unit area degree of the system to fluctuate with regard to clip. It is hard to pump syrupy liquid in the reciprocating pump The cost of bring forthing Piston pumps is high. This is due to the really accurate sizes of the cylinders and Pistons. Besides, the geartrain needed to change over the rotary motion of the thrust motor into a reciprocating action involves excess equipment and cost. Discharge flow problems: Care cost a batch considered with its handiness, because throbing flow and big figure of traveling parts, as the atoms can acquire into the little clearances and cause terrible wear. The Piston pump therefore, should non be used for slurries. The throbing features of the fluid fluxing into and out of power pumps are significantly affected by the figure of Pistons. Discharge flow pulsings are the most critical because of the high energy potency generated when the system opposition reacts with the flow to make force per unit area. Since the magnitude of the discharge pulsing is largely affected by the figure of cylinders, so we can get the better of the pulsing flow by increasing the figure of cylinders. Besides, we can cut down the discontinuity by utilizing an collector at the terminal of the nose which will provides a continues flow.

7 Movie-Title Mistakes

7 Movie-Title Mistakes 7 Movie-Title Mistakes 7 Movie-Title Mistakes By Mark Nichol One does not rely on the entertainment industry to model proper grammar and punctuation, but is it too much to expect that movie titles make grammatical sense? Evidently, it is; filmmakers and film studio marketing staff have more important things to do than ensure that titles correctly use hyphens and apostrophes, appropriately employ punctuation marks, and form verbs properly, as these movie posters demonstrate. An early poster for The 40-Year-Old Virgin omitted the first hyphen, resulting in a title that didn’t make sense. If it were plural, it could refer to twoscore twelve-month-old babies, but that’s rather complicated. Fortunately, later versions were corrected, and moviegoers were left with a comforting correlation between a photograph of Steve Carell’s dorky-looking title character and a that-figures movie title. The title of the horror-comedy Eight Legged Freaks appears to refer to an octet of people who may be otherwise abnormal but are equipped with legs. However, as an epithet for unusually large and aggressive spiders (apparently based on an ad lib from the star of the film, which originally bore the title Arac Attack), it should read Eight-Legged Freaks; the words eight and legged must outside of Hollywood, that is be hyphenated to signal that they combine as a single term modifying freaks. Shrink, shrank, shrunk. Shrink, shrank, shrunk. I always have to look that kind of stuff up a strategy the makers of this film could have easily employed to produce a grammatically correct title. Depending on where Rick Moranis’s character is in the child-miniaturizing process at the pertinent time, the title should be Honey, I Will Shrink the Kids, Honey, I Shrank the Kids, or Honey, I Have Shrunk the Kids. This man belongs to the ladies. He is in their possession. Ladies claim ownership of this man. He is a ladies’ man. Ladies, is this your man? A citizen who abides by the law is a law-abiding citizen; law and abiding are connected by a hyphen to show that together, they describe the particular type of citizen ostensibly featured in this film (in reality, the protagonist is a law-flouting citizen but that’s Hollywood for you). The lack of a hyphen is excusable in display type on a movie poster or in the film’s credits, but when it is omitted on promotional materials as well, the producers are not law-abiding filmmakers. When you plan to resign from a job, it’s customary to give notice two weeks in advance of your planned departure date. You give a notice of two weeks. The two weeks â€Å"belong† to the notice, so it’s â€Å"two weeks’ notice† (or â€Å"a two-week notice,† though the other form is much more common). This title is a question. The source material for the film is a novel titled Who Censored Roger Rabbit? So, why does the movie title not include a question mark? Some sources claim that filmmakers have a superstition that titles so adorned do poorly at the box office. Tell that to What’s Up, Doc?, Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, and, more recently, O Brother, Where Art Thou?, among others. This film did very well, but I think would have been just as successful with the perilous punctuation mark. Defenders will say the title is shorthand for â€Å"Find Out Who Framed Roger Rabbit,† but that requires logical contortions not even the rubber-limbed title character can manage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" The Six Spellings of "Long E"List of Prefixes and Suffixes and their Meanings

Health Insurance Analysis Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Insurance Analysis Report - Essay Example Therefore, ACA ensures quality health service is affordable to people regardless of their social class. The Act requires more individuals to get a health insurance coverage that will enable them access health facilities anytime without finance problems. As the ACA health reform seeks to achieve all this it will inject many changes in the health sector. This paper, therefore, addresses the impacts ACA has brought to the Health Sector. Patient to Physician Ratio After launching the new health reform on January 1, 2014, the entire healthcare system will shake from the huge number of individuals who will insure. Congressional Budget Office estimated that 14 million uninsured young people would join the group on January 1, 2014. By the year 2021, 16 million more will enter the brackets. When the newly insured people join the health system, the doctor workload will hike as the number of doctor visits will go up. Limited funding restricts people from visiting hospitals (America’s Hea lth Insurance Plans, 2007). Besides, the health reforms anticipated will increase claim cost and cause delays in return to work. In simple language there will be issues related to scheduling of doctors’ appointments, ensuring quality healthcare, and availability of medical resources (Gruber, 2002). According to American Journal of Medical Quality published a report and projected a shortage of nurses across America between 2009 and 2030, the USA will be hit by a serious shortage of more than 90,000 physicians by 2020 and by 2025, the shortage it will upsurge to more than 130,000 (Gruber, 2002). Lastly, the health reform recommends implementation of other measures of appointments with nurses and physical assistants, which the worker’s compensation system does not recognize. Eventually, this will cause compensation issues and add client consent requirements (America’s Health Insurance Plans, 2007). Besides, ACA aims at reducing those physician`s shortages by provid ing loan-based refund programs to principal doctors and offer incentives to medical schools to increase the number of medical students (Gruber, 2002). However, the healthcare system may not see the light of the day soon until students will be under this program graduate and begin their careers. Effect on Tax-Exempt Hospitals ACA has a goal of increasing transparency concerning the payback that tax-exempt hospitals get. The act requires those hospitals to conduct a Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) every three years to portray how they are carrying out their duties to meet needs of their patients (Gruber, 2002). Secondly the tax-exempt hospitals will be required to come up with a written financial assistance policy which would include criteria for eligibility to financial assistance, basis for coming up with figures charged to patients, and measures to be undertaken in case of nonpayment (America’s Health Insurance Plans, 2007). The ACA will keep those tax-exempt hospit als on toes to increase transparency for quality of care to the patients. To crown it all, the health reform recommends penalizing the tax-exempt hospital that does not meet those rules up to $50,000. Health Care Funding Through Affordable Care Act, the Health Centre Program will award new funding which consist of the following. First, Health Center Base Adjustments where the Health Resources and

Consumer and consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Consumer and consumption - Essay Example This "Consumer and consumption" essay outlines the marketing strategies that Coca-Cola used to become the leader on the market. The globalized world has resulted to new borderless markets with numerous corporations crossing geographical and political boundaries to market and initiate operations and investments on a global scale. International marketing leads to a new problem where organizations have to utilize ingenuity, creativity, and huge budgets to attain a competitive edge in the market. This has resulted in international marketing concept; leading organizations to utilize different perspective in attracting customers on a global scale through perceptions and brand images. While a consumer product is made in the factory, consumers in most cases do not buy the product, but the brand, which is perceived to add value to it. This was a statement by Charles Revlon, the founder of Revlon, who noted that in the factory, he made cosmetics, but customers bought hope from the stores. This trend will be strategically portrayed in Coca-Cola Company in manufacturing, marketing, and production of the coca cola beverage that has become one of the leading global brand names in refreshments. The Coca Cola company history began in 1886, when the curiosity of one Atlanta pharmacist Dr. Pemeberton resulted to the creation of a tasty distinctive soft drink, which could be sold in many soda fountains. The strategy was creating flavored syrup, mixing with carbonated water, and giving to neighbors around his pharmacy. Those who tasted the drink exclaimed that it was excellent (Coca Cola, 2011). During the first year, the Coca Cola servings were at 5cents per glass, with the sales being an average of nine servings daily in Atlanta; compare this with the current estimated coca cola servings of about 1.6 billion daily current (Coca cola, 2011). The history that marked the current Coca Cola Company as it is known today dates back to 1894, after the death of the founder; when Biedenham installed the first bottling machinery at the Mississippi soda fountain, which was the first attempt to sell Coca Cola drink in bottles (Coca Cola, 2011). Joseph Whitehead and Lupton developed what i s known as the Coca Cola worldwide bottling system, as it is known to

Aviation Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aviation Security - Essay Example Besides screening the passengers and the carry-on baggage, the screening of checked baggage is also carried out. The motive behind the checked baggage screening is to detect the presence of bombs. No one can deny the possibility of terrorism onboard and it is imperative that proper security measures be taken. Such screening procedures are the primary sources of detecting any threat before hand and ensuring security of both the passengers as well as the aviation staff. Both the metal detector and the X-ray machine were found to be only as effective as the individuals operating them. It was discovered that the large volume of passengers going through the screening process produced the "assembly line" syndrome, causing security personnel to become much less vigilant. This coupled with terrorists' success in disguising weapons by dismantling them and distributing them among themselves, made it all too easy to circumvent this security measure. The biggest challenge is to prevent the civil aircraft from becoming a weapon of destruction. Until the September 11 attacks, the airport terminal was viewed as the first line of protection for commercial aviation against the most dangerous types of terrorist action. Based on available evidence, it is unknown whether the September 11 assailants used devious means to avoid detection of what they were carrying through pre-board screening or whether they had any "inside" help, but it is clear that under the then governmental rules and operation procedures they could have legally boarded the aircraft with the implements that they eventually used as weapons. In the wake of September 11, remedial attention focused on the carry-on screening system. There was an attempt to provide a tighter definitional mesh to screen-out potential "dual-use" utensils that could be used as weapons from being introduced into the passenger cabin. There was also a growing realization that the system was not working effectively to begin with. The more the public learned about the system the less they wanted to fly. The more the private companies lobbied to keep their markets, the more irresponsible they seemed. The more it became apparent that the governmental department with the mission to oversee this system had utterly failed, the more giving the actual operation of the screening to the same governmental department became a litmus test for security correctness. In words of Hiltzik, 2001, on September 11, "The system worked the way it was intended.... For three decades, it has been preoccupied with looking for guns and explosives rather than for dangerous people. That ... was its vulnerability. The terrorists did not breach the nation's airline security system, they slipped through its loopholes." (Hiltzik, 2001) Thus, a second type of screening has found renewed attention: scrutiny of passenger bona fides and greater focus on those with suspicious backgrounds. It is just common sense that people boarding an aircraft, and thereby gaining access to a vulnerable part of the national transportation infrastructure, should meet certain

Language of Robinson Crusoe Essay Example for Free

Language of Robinson Crusoe Essay Daniel Dafoe’s popular novel, originally titled The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With an Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates (iii), like most classics underwent many editions through the years. However nothing but the first edition, which is the basis of this essay, can give us the look and feel of the time as intended to be shown by the author. EARLY MODERN ENGLISH According to Volume 14 of The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes, Early Modern English period marked the expansion of the use of the English language outside England. But since English was spread at various times it has been subjected to different influences and additional variations caused by attempts at etymological spelling (Ward et al ch 15 sec 3 par 1). These were evident in the novel in two aspects of language: grammar and vocabulary (Ward et al ch 15 sec 1 par 1-2). Among the inflectional changes during the early modern English was the dropping of the weak vowel in verbs ending in –ed (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 4 par. 7). Examples of these manifested not only in the title (the word deliver’d) but within the text itself such as call’d, fill’d, encreas’d, and fatigu’d. Spelling also appeared to be phonetically defective (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1) with words like perswasions, lyon, lye, and prophetick. Compounding of words were also used in the novel by examples of free-school, hand-maids, ground-tackle and fellow-slave. However, the change in the verbs as well as the defects in spelling was not applied to the entire novel which makes us consider the reasons for such use. TOWARDS A PURITY IN STYLE Daniel Defoe, in his book An Essay upon Projects, emphasized that it was the responsibility of the society to polish and refine the English tongue and to purge it from all the irregular additions that ignorance and affectation have introduced as befitted the noblest and most comprehensive of all the vulgar languages in the world (8). The spread of the English language was depicted in the novel when Robinson Crusoe teaches his servant Friday the English language. We may notice from an excerpt of their discourse below that although essentially Crusoe and Friday came to communicate effectively with each other, Friday’s English differs much from Crusoe’s parallel to their difference in status and origin: Friday, My Nation beat much, for all that. Master, How beat; if your Nation beat them, how come you to be taken? Friday, They more many than my Nation in the Place where me was; they take one, two, three, and me; my Nation over beat them in the yonder Place, where me no was; there my Nation take one, two, great Thousand. Master, But why did not your Side recover you from the Hands of your Enemies then? Friday, They run one, two, three, and me, and make go in the Canoe; my Nation have no Canoe that time. (Defoe, â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 254) Much is the same circumstance that brought about the variations and additions to the English language in which Defoe is clamoring for purity (â€Å"An Essay upon Projects† 8). Shoar and Shore. Aside from the defective spelling mentioned earlier is the variation in the spelling (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1). An example if this is the word shore, spelled shore and shoar, in different context of the novel. It may be noted that shoar was only used in the part of Robinson Crusoe’s mishaps. That is to say, from the part of his captivity at Sallee until before his wreck on the island. These mishaps, Crusoe later reflected on, were results of his ignorance in the Providence of God and malcontent thus the use of the spelling shoar. While his solitary life in the island described the learning process he underwent to survive and finally live harmoniously with his surroundings; hence the renewed use of the spelling shore. In this regard, one may interpret that the use of the word was intentional to show the need and difficulty in creating a standard for the English language. viz. and (viz. ). The use of foreign language in novels is quite common throughout the ages. As such, we came to attention on the use of the Latin word viz. Oxford English Dictionary defines viz. as the abbreviation of videlicet which generally means namely or that is to say (1033). Although Defoe used viz. without parenthesis and viz. in parenthesis based on the same definition, its participation in the statement are quite different. The viz. without parenthesis was used in identifying and qualifying statements such as the â€Å"All the rest of that Day I spent in afflicting my self at the dismal Circumstances I was brought to, viz. I had neither Food, House, Clothes, Weapon, or Place to fly to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 82). On the other hand, viz. in parenthesis, which appeared in lines like â€Å"This was what I wish’d for; so I took them up, and serv’d them as we serve notorious Thieves in England, (viz. ) Hang’d them in Chains for a Terror to others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 138), was used as such in order to explain earlier statement. The use of parenthesis to differentiate the use of the same word in the novel further reflects Defoe’s quest for refinement of the English language as mentioned previously. CONCLUSION Indeed, regardless of the plot of the story which categorized it to fiction, the culture and language of the time is unmistakable. Robinson Crusoe, in its original version, allows us the indulgence to peek and appreciate not only the early modern English language but the period as well. The flexibility of the language then reflected the society of that time as it has always been for any period or era. At the same time, the novel provided additional venue for the author to disseminate his ideas and further his individual attempt towards the transition to the modern English language and insertions to the importance of learning across the spectrum of the society. Such power language has to influence its readers, whether consciously or unconsciously. And the duality that the novel showed made it a favorite among children and adults alike. Fulfilling its objectives to entertain and propagate (however subtle it may be). Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. An Essay Upon Projects. New York: Adamant Media Corporation, 2005. Print. . The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With an Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates. London: printed for W. Taylor, 1719. Print. Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. Ward, Aldolphus William, Sir, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907-21; New York: Bartleby. com, 2000 (Web) April 1, 2009.

Factors that Influence Buyer Decision for Property

Factors that Influence Buyer Decision for Property CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction of Study Nowadays, the demands for houses increase every year. In Malaysia, housing demands include all sorts of houses which are low cost houses, medium cost houses and also high cost houses. All the demands for the houses come from all kind of income groups based on their income. The supply of the houses sometimes over than demands that makes the houses abundant. More challenges of competitive market in these decades because the developers entering the housing market increasing. At the same time, the local and national economic makes the developers to aware and pay attention to the buyers for their needs, satisfaction and preferences. When the developers meet the buyers needs, satisfaction and preferences in delivering the product, this will avoid in abundant of the property. The thesis is about the findings of the research that determines the factors that influence the buyers towards buying the residential property. The buyers that involved in this thesis are chosen from the people that attend new launched project and also the buyer that already bought a house. The findings also come from the observation of the study area and also the market. All the factors that influence buyers in decision-making will be defined and the preferences and satisfaction of the buyers also taking into account. The outcome of this study will help to increase the quality of the property towards the development of new residential property in the market. 1.1 Background of Study The study covers the buyers and also the residential property in Kuching, Sarawak. The demand for houses increased in Kuching caused by the increment of the population in this town. The study can also be the guide towards preparing the residential property based on the preferences and the satisfaction of the buyers. If the residential property build based on the preferences and satisfaction of the buyer, the market will be active and the supply of the houses will meet the requirements of the buyers through this study. The factors that maybe included that influence the buyers in decision making are design, location, developers reputation, facilities within neighborhood, safety and security and the price. The factors that influence the buyer in decision making toward the residential property of each respective buyer is different, so through this study, the factors can be defined. 1.3 Problem Statement This dissertation is to know what are the factors that influence buyer in decision-making for residential property. It is to assure that the preferences and satisfaction of the buyers could be determined. 1.4 Objectives There are two main objectives for this research. They are as follows: To define the factors that influence buyers in decision making for residential property To measure the level of importance of factors that influence buyers in decision-making process. 1.5 Scope of Study The scope of this study is mainly in Kuching which is located in Sarawak. The study will focus on residential property in Kuching Sarawak. The residential properties which are the landed property that involve in this study include the medium cost housing and high cost housing. The landed property that being focused are single storey terrace house, double storey terrace house, single storey semi-detached house, double storey semi-detached house, single storey detached house and double storey detached house. It also concentrated on the buyers in three groups of age between 25 years old to 30 years old, 30 years old to 35 years old and 35 years and above. The three groups are chosen because of the age of 25 years to 30 years is the best age to own the house and the age of 35years and above is the age which they must own the house for living. Besides that, this study also focuses on the group of income in order to determine the level of affordability in buying the property. In this study, the residential property that involves is medium cost housing and high cost housing. So, the income group should be determined. 1.6 Significance of Study The significance of this study is to know the factors that influence the buyers in decision making of residential property in order to make sure that the supply of the property will fulfill the requirement of the buyers in buying the property. It also important to know the preferences of the buyers so that no housing units in the area would be abundant caused by not fulfill their satisfaction. In addition, this study also can be the guidelines and also preparation for the developers in order to build and supply the property to the market and at the same time, the government can take action to avoid the housing development from being abundant. The factors that influence buyers in decision making are also important because it can help to determine the design, the location, the price and also the facilities that needed in the development. 1.7 Methodology of Study In this study, two methods used in order to find the information to lead through the completion of this thesis. The methods are divided into two which is primary data and secondary data. For primary data, the method is by distributing the questionnaires. In distributing the questionnaires, the person to answer the survey are the new buyers, the recent residents and also the visitors at the new launched project and housing exhibition. For secondary data, the method are by manual which come from reading the reference books, journals, papers and also the magazines , by statistics data which can be look at the Department of Statistics of Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia and Economic Planning Unit and also the data collection from online through websites related to the topic and also the research papers. Through reading, much information can be gathered together for a good and successful outcome in this study. All the materials to be read will be find at main library of Universiti Malaya, library Faculty of Built Environment, National Library, Pustaka Negeri Sarawak and also Perpustakaan Sultanah Zanariah Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 1.8 Organization of Study CHAPTER 1 Introduction In chapter 1, the introduction includes the background of the study that will be discussed in this thesis. It also shows the problem statement that also can be the hypothesis of this study. The objectives of this study also include in this chapter. Besides that, the introduction also discussed the scope of the study, the significance of study and also the methodology of the study. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Literature review consists of the strategy of the thesis in order to gain and gather the data of information that are needed in this study. All the data from the articles in the property magazines and books, the journals related to the housing demands and property buyers, the research papers about the related topics, books that include all the information about buying a property and also residential property, magazines that shows the factors influence the buyers in decision making of residential property. CHAPTER 3 Overview the Study Area For this chapter, the overview of the study area will consists of the socio-economy in Kuching which is the location of this study. The socio-economy depends on the population of people in Kuching, the household income, the group of age, the changes in physical environment and others socioeconomic issues. CHAPTER 4 Research Analysis and Findings The research analysis is the analysis of this study from all the information and data that gathered together in order to get the outcome. All the analysis and the findings from this study determines into graphs, charts, tables and also pictures to make this study clear. CHAPTER 5 Research Outcomes and Conclusion In this chapter, all the finding and research analysis will be summarized and the conclusion of this study will be presented. Either than that, the implication of this study are also discussed and the availability of the problem statement whether it can be used or not. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction In decision making for residential property, there are several factors that influence the buyers. The factors are divided into categories. The categories are buyers taste and preferences, demographic factors, economic factors and marketing strategy. This thesis will focus on residential property which is the landed property. The landed property consists of property for high income group and middle income group which are terrace house, semi-detached house and detached house. The property categorized according to the supply and demand in the market and also the prices. The location for this housing study will focus in Kuching, Sarawak that have a large population due to Sarawak, the biggest state in Malaysia which have the multiracial including Malay, Chinese, Indian and others. The reason to have this location as the case study is because of the big location with multiracial and can explore the demand and the preferences of the consumers in buying the residential property. 2.2 Definition 2.2.1 Decision- Making Decision-making is an outcome of mental processes. Every decision making process produces a finalchoice wherebythe output can be an action or an opinion of choice which is a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment concerned with the logic of decision making and rationality with the invariant choice. Decision making made by the buyer, depends on individuals need, preferences, satisfaction and also their requirement in order to choose the perfect and right choice in buying the property. The decision making influence by various factors. In this study, the objective is to determine the factors that influence buyers in decision making of residential properties. The decision making of every people related to the factors and the way of the people think in order to fulfill the need and satisfaction through the requirement of the property. 2.2.2 Consumer (Buyer) The product which is goods and services that consumes by a person and has the ability to choose between the different suppliers and products. In the other hand, consumer or buyer is a party that requires or agrees to own, acquire and have the benefit in usage for the services that in exchange for money or other consideration under a contract or agreement of sale. The consumer or buyer in this study just focuses on high group income and middle group income. It is because to look towards the choices or need of this income group in their decision making for buying residential property. For lower income group, it just only lead to the affordability in their decision making, so they are not chosen as the respondent in context of buyer for this study. 2.2.3 Consumer Behavior ‘Consumer behavior examines not only consumers action, but also the reasons for those behaviors. On a macro level, marketers are interested in demographic shifts as well as societys values, beliefs and practices that affect how consumers interact with the marketplace. Thus, concepts are drawn from sociology and psychology figure prominently in the study of consumer behavior. (Karen M Gibler and Susan L Nelson, 2003, p.63-64) Consumer behavior is the study of how people behave when obtaining, using, and disposing of products and services or when, why, how, where and what people do or do not to buyproducts.It mixes ofpsychology, social,personal andcultural. It is attempting to understand the buyer decision-making process for both, individually and in groups. The characteristic of individual consumers such asdemographicsand behavioral variables which is in an attempt to understand peoples wants. It also assesses influences on theconsumerfrom groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general. Customer behavior study is based on consumer buying behavior, with the customer playing the three distinct roles of user, payer and buyer. The relationship marketing is being the influential of asset for customer behavior analysis as it become a keen interest in the rediscovery of the true meaning of marketing through the re-affirmation of the importance to the customer or buyer. A greater importance is also placed on consumer retention, customer relationship management, personalization, customization and one-to-one marketing. Social functions can be categorized into social choice and welfare functions. Consumer behavior also can be define as the process and activities which the people engage in when searching for, selecting, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services to satisfy their needs and desires. For cultural, the people will act based on the cultural that usually be the influence in certain places and surrounding. For social, the people will think and act more to socially action that also can be positive and negative. In physiological aspect, it is more to thinking and the personal behavior leads to the decision making. People maybe influence by the way they thinking of. 2.2.4 Marketing Definition of marketing by Institute of Marketing is the management function which organizes and directs all those business activities involved in assessing and converting customer purchasing power into effective demand for a specific production or service to the final customer or user so as to achieve the profit target or other objective set by the company. ‘Marketing is a combination of marketing concept of marketing concept, marketing function and the operational implementation of these functions in the context of the concept. The marketing concept can be most simply explained as a belief that the organization can function in the best interests of its customer and its self where a balance is achieved between the need of both of these parties. (Trustrum, LeslieBernard,1989, p.48). Marketing plan is the marketing strategy by the developer to sell their property to the people so that people will attract to buy the property from them. The advantages of marketing strategy will diverse marketing activities that can be better co-ordinate and can avoid or reduce to a minimum crisis management such as unsold unit and etc. The basis of marketing strategy is 4Ps consist of Product, Price, Place and Promotion. 2.2.5 Developer The coordinators of the activities that converting ideas on the paper to the reality by building the realproperty that encompassing activities range from therenovationand re-leaseof existingbuildings to the purchase of rawlandand the sale of improved parcels to others. Developers usually take the greatestriskin the creation or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards such as the money and also acknowledgement from the purchaser or respective buyer that satisfy with their product. Usually, developers purchase a tract of land then determine themarketing of the property. After that, they developing the building program and design, obtaining the necessary public approval and financing, building the structure, leasing, managing, and ultimately selling the property. Developers work with many different counterparts along each step of this process including the architects, planners, engineers, surveyors, inspectors, contractors, property agents and etc. The developers build the house to supply to the market and sell to the buyer based on the demand in the market. The demand depends on the needs of the consumer, the market trend and also the economic trends. 2.2.6 Residential Residential property is the property in the residential area that includes the single family housing, multi-family residential or mobile house. The residential property is under the zoning of residential and may permit high density land use or low density land use. Residential development is real estate development for the purpose of residential. The developments are when the land divided into lots with the house constructed on each piece of subdivided land. 2.2.6.1 Medium Cost Housing Medium cost housing is the property that sell in the median price that can be purchase by medium income group and high income group. The medium cost housing in this research is the single storey terrace house, double storey terrace house, single storey semi-detached house and double storey semi-detached house. 2.2.6.2 High Cost Housing High cost housing is the property that the price is high and usually for the high income group of people. The high cost housing is selling with the high price that the price influences by the material, the design, the location and the size or area. The people that usually buy the high cost property is the people that need the high satisfaction and also all about luxury. The high cost housing could be the detached house and also high end property. In this research, the high cost housing is the single storey detached house and double storey detached house. 2.3 Factors Factors divided into four categories which are demographics factor, economics factor, buyers taste and preferences and marketing strategy. The factors distribute in the categories so that it is easy to determine what, how, when and etc. In addition, the factors that influence buyers in decision of residential property can be determining by distributed the factors as above. For demographics factor, it includes the age, social class and race or ethnicity. Age of the buyer also important that may influence them in decision making because it may show that what type of residential property they want that can give them satisfaction or needs for the requirement of the property. For social class in this study, it consists of high income group and middle income group because it is easy to know what they want to consider before buying the property not only based on their financial. The low income group is not included in this study because of the affordability of them to buy the type of property which is just the low cost housing. Race or ethnicity is one of the demographics factor because it also could influence the buyer whether to live in a same location with it own ethnic or race or just mixed with other races and ethnic. For economics factor, it consists of prices, availability of finance and affordability. Prices of the property depends on the type of property, location of the property, the supply and demand of property and also the market trends of current situation. The availability of finance may depend on either the government loan or private institutions loan such as bank and etc. The finance also depends on the availability of the bank in releasing the amount of loan and based on the income of buyer. Affordability is the main thing to discuss whereby every people have their own level of affordability. Marketing strategy is also one of the factors in decision making. Marketing strategy has four basis which are price, promotion, place and product. The price can me the measurement to know what is the price that agreed and affordable for the buyer based on the type of property, location and also the market price. The promotions in this marketing strategy consist of the launching of the project and the exhibition also important which is good in order to promote the property to the prospective buyer. Such promotion can attract more buyers and give the buyer opportunities to ask about the property and also giving the good image of developer and the product itself. Place is the location where is the property located and it seems very important because in every location, it have its own density and population. Some of the buyer wants the location either the high density or low density of population and some of the buyer wants to buy the property located in the city centre or otherwise. For the product, it depends on whether it is high class property or medium class property for high income group and middle income group. Depending on the class of property, the marketing strategy should be based on the focus group that will buy the property. So, the developer has the main role in the development to plan a good marketing strategy in order to have the successful project by selling 100% of the units. Buyers taste and preferences is the buyer needs and satisfaction in order to fulfill their taste and comfortless. The buyer needs and satisfaction is different. According to Abraham Maslow (1954), safety is one of the needs of human. The safety includes the security of family, health and property. So, the people needs the property for secure and health whereby every human being need shelter to lives. For satisfaction, it is more towards the luxury, taste and comfort that will be different depending on the person. Preferencesis a concept that have been used in thesocial sciences, particularly economics that assumes a real or imagined choice between alternatives and the possibility of rank ordering of these alternatives, based onhappiness, satisfaction,gratification, enjoyment and theutilitythey provide. More generally, it can be seen as a source ofmotivation. In cognitive sciences, individual preferences enable choice of objectives or goals. 2.4 Factors Might Be Influence the Buyer From the factors above, the factors might be influence the buyer in decision making for the residential property are the design, location, developers reputation, facilities within neighborhood, safety and security and the price. The residential property has several of design nowadays such as contemporary design, modern design or traditional design. All the design chooses by the buyers to buy the residential property. So, the design might be one of the factors that influence buyer in decision-making. The location also might be the factors that influence the buyer in decision making. The location might be choose by the buyer are in the city centre, near the city centre and out of the city. The location that the buyer wants to live is the factors might be influence them in decision making. The developers reputation might be the factor that influences buyers because it is all about quality and confidence to the buyer to buy the house. The reputation of the developer could show the quality of the house and build the confidence to the buyer in buying the property from them. The safety and security in residential area is important because nowadays the criminal cases highly increased and made people more aware about the security for the safety living. The people trust that if in the area have a good security and safety, it would be safe for living and it might be one of the factor that influence buyer. The price is based on the design, location and also the market trends. The price that is reasonable based on the area or size, design; location would be the factors that influence buyer in decision-making. So, the factors might be influence the buyer will be determined in the questionnaire and the level of interest would be defined. 2.5 Buyers Decision- Making Process Buyers decision vary an importance and complexity, thus, it is important to classify them to be understand the characteristics, the products, the marketing strategy implications on each type of purchase behavior. 2.7 Theory of Needs Maslows theory of needs Figure 2.5: Maslows Theory of Needs The safety level includes the security of the body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health and property. In this research, the important part of the safety is the shelter whereby its a need for the family to live with comfortable and healthy living in a property. So the buyers have the right in the need for a property that they want to buy and before make the decision, they need to know what is the factors that influence them in buying the property. 2.8 Conclusion For this literature review, the discussion more on the definition of decision making, consumer, developer, the marketing and also factors that lead to the factors that influence buyers in decision-making. All the category of factors based on the buyer itself and also the market trends that supply the property. The developer also have to take note that not only the demand of buyer need to be fulfill but also the economic and demographic factors must taking into account. In conclusion, the factors that influence buyers in decision making of residential property for this case of study and also the level of interest of those factors can be determine by the research. CHAPTER 3: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA 3.0 Introduction This chapter attempts to give an overview of the study in Kuching. The issues to be discussed in this chapter are information related to socioeconomic in Kuching. 3.1 Background of Study Area Sarawak is one of the state on the island of Borneo which also known as ‘Land of the Hornbills. It is situated on the north-west of the island and it is the largest state among all in Malaysia. It is the capital of Sarawak as it is the largest city on the island of Borneo and also the fourth largest city in Malaysia. Sarawak divided into eleven administrative divisions which are Kuching Division, Samarahan Division, Sri Aman Division, Betong Division, Sarikei Division, Sibu Division, Mukah Division, Kapit Division, Bintulu Division, Miri Division and Limbang Division. Each division divided into districts which are 33 districts in Sarawak. In Kuching Division, there are District Of Kuching, Lundu and Bau. The study area of this research is District of Kuching in Kuching Division. The district covers an area of 1, 863 square kilometres with the population approximately 620 700. The district of Kuching is administered and divided into three local governments which are Kuching North City Hall, Kuching South City Council and Padawan Municipal Council. The part under Kuching North City Hall covering an area of 369.48 square kilometers which is the area north of te Sarawak River, parts of Old Kuching and also the western Central Business District. Meanwhile, the area south of the Sarawak River, eastern Central Business District and towards the South China Sea is within Kuching South City Council jurisdiction. The rural areas within Kuching District, Batu Kawa, Kota Sentosa and Third Miles are under the jurisdiction of Padawan Municipal Council. District Jurisdiction Land Area (square kilometers) Kuching Kuching North City Hall 369.48 Kuching South City Council 61.53 Padawan Municipal Council 1431.83 Total 1862.84 Table 3.1: Total Area of Kuching District For further information about the location of Kuching, please refer to the Appendix I. 3.2 Population Sarawak has the population of about 579, 900 in years 2006.From this survey, it shows that Kuching District has a great housing market which the potential buyers are from the category of 25 years old and above. According to the population census 2006 published by Department of Statistic, Malaysia, the population of Kuching District is as the following:- Jurisdiction Total Kuching North City Hall 133, 600 Kuching South City Council 143, 500 Padawan Municipal Council 302, 800 Total 579,900 Table 3.2: Population Census 2006 in Kuching District (Sources: Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, Census 2006, Department of Statistics Malaysia.) 3.2.1 Projected Population by Ethnic Group (Sources: Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, Census 2006, Department of Statistics Malaysia) The majority projected population by ethnic in Kuching District within Kuching Division is Chinese, which is 38% of the whole population and about 220, 400 people. The second ethnic is Malays, 36% and follow by other ethnic groups 16% and Iban 10 %. The projected population by ethnic group and jurisdiction in Kuching for year 2009 is shown in the Table 3.3. The total population from the table has shown that majority of residents in Kuching District live under Padawan Municipal Council jurisdiction. Population under Kuching North City Hall is lesser than other jurisdiction although the land area is bigeer in size than Kuching South City Council. Jurisdiction Total Malay Chinese Iban Other Ethnic group Kuching North City Hall 133, 600 80, 160 26, 720 10, 040 16, 680 Kuching South City Council 143, 500 40, 805 68, 800 21, 060 12, 835 Padawan Municipal Council 302, 800 87, 799 124, 842 26, 890 63, 269 Note: 1. Population projection based on the 2006 Population Census 2. The added total may differ due to rounding (Sources: Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, Census 2006, Department of Statistics Malaysia) 3.2.2 Projected Population by Age Group Age Group Kuching North City Hall Total 579, 900 0-4 80,500 5-9 60,800 10-14 52,200 15-19 54, 900 20-24 49, 300 25-29 49, 300 30-34 43, 500 35-39 37, 400 40-44 30, 700 45-49 29, 600 50-54 25, 300 55-59 20, 800 60-64 16, 900 65-69 14, 500